Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCPyV) is detected in approximately 80% of Merkel cell carcinomas (MCC). Yet, clonal integration and truncating mutations of the large T antigen (LTAg) of MCPyV are restricted to MCC. We tested the presence and mutations of MCPyV in highly purified leukemic cells of 70 chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) patients. MCPyV was detected in 27.1% (n = 19) of these CLL cases. In contrast, MCPyV was detected only in 13.4% of normal controls (P < .036) in which no LTAg mutations were found. Mutational analyses revealed a novel 246bp LTAg deletion in the helicase gene in 6 of 19 MCPyV-positive CLL cases. 2 CLL cases showed concomitant mutated and wild-type MCPyV. Immunohistochemistry revealed protein expression of the LTAg in MCPyV-positive CLL cases. The detection of MCPyV, including LTAg deletions and LTAg expression in CLL cells argues for a potential role of MCPyV in a significant subset of CLL cases.

The Merkel cell polyoma virus (MCPyV) has been reported in approximately 80% of human Merkel cell carcinomas (MCC).1-6  Accumulating evidence of clonal MCPyV integration and truncating large T (LTAg) antigen mutations restricted to MCC strongly support an etiopathogenic role of MCPyV in MCC.1,7  MCC is a rare and aggressive malignant neuroendocrine skin cancer of elderly and immunosuppressed patients.8,9  However, MCC patients are at a 30-fold increased risk to develop chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) that as MCC primarily affects elderly patients.10-12 

CLL is the most common leukemia in the Western world and is characterized by the accumulation of monoclonal mature B cells aberrantly expressing CD5.13  Recently, a large population based study has shown that CLL patients have a high risk of MCPyV positive MCCs.14  ter Brugge et al have shown that mice expressing the SV40 Tag reveal a normal B cell development but, upon aging, these mice show an accumulation of monoclonal CD5(+) B cells and have a CLL-like phenotype.15  MCPyV is highly related to the lymphotropic polyomavirus (LPV) of African green monkey that is known to infect B lymphocytes.1,16  The presence of MCPyV in peripheral blood at low copy number has been demonstrated recently also suggesting lymphotropism of MCPyV.1,17  A recent study could not find a significant association of CLL with MCPyV.17  Here we report the presence of MCPyV in 19 of 70 highly purified malignant cells of well characterized CLL patients identifying a significant association of MCPyV with CLL particularly underlined by the detection of a novel viral deletion mutant.

Patients

The study (Cologne Ethics Approval No. 01-163) group included 70 CLL patients of which 47 were male (age range: 27-102 years; mean: 65.1 years) and 23 were female (age range: 45-90 years; mean: 67.2 years). After informed consent, blood was obtained from patients fulfilling diagnostic criteria for CLL. CLL samples were processed immediately after blood withdrawl and processed by applying B-RosetteSep (StemCell Technologies) and Ficoll-Hypaque (Seromed) density gradient resulting in purity of > 98% of CD19+/CD5+ CLL cells as assessed by expression analysis on a FACS Canto flow cytometer (BD PharMingen). CLL cells and patient T-cells were characterized by staining for CD19, CD5, CD3, CD23, FMC7, CD38, ZAP70 and sIgM (BD). DNA of CLL cells was isolated as described before.2 

MCPyV detection and mutational analyses by PCR

DNA quality was confirmed by β-globin polymerase chain reaction (PCR).2  MCPyV-PCR using the LT3, M1/M2 and VP1 primer sets was performed as published.1,2  One additional primer set M2mutS (5′-GTTTGAGGCGAGATCTGTTT-3′) and LtmutAS2 (5′-AGCATTTC TGTCCTGGTCAT-3′) encoding T-Ag region (1867-2221) was introduced for mutational analyses. All PCR analyses were carried out at least 3 times independently by N.D.P., A.K., or S.S.

Sequence analyses

PCR products were purified and analyzed by direct sequencing.2  Sequencing results were analyzed and compared with reference sequences of the NCBI Entrez Nucleotide database gb EU375803.1 (MCC350) and gb EU375804.1 (MCC339) using NCBI Blast program. Sequence alignments were performed with BioEdit Version 7.0.9 package.

SYBR green real-time PCR

Real-time PCR was performed as recently described.18 

Immunohistochemistry

MCPyV immunohistochemistry (IHC) was performed with the monoclonal antibody CM2B4 (IgG2b isotype) as described recently.19  Minor modifications included pH9.0 and a dilution of 1:1000 (vol/vol). CM2B4 was detected with the DAKO K5005 secondary detection kit (DAKO). Staining was performed using 3-amino-9-ethylcarbazole (AEC) substrate and counter-stained with hematoxylin (see Figure 1C).

Prognostic factors

Prognostic factors were assessed as previously published.20  For the determination of the CD38 status a threshold of 7% of positive stained CLL cells was applied for definition of CD38+ patients.

McPyV detection in CLL and clinico-pathologic correlations

To overcome possible dilution effects due to FFPE tissues or whole blood samples we tested 70 DNA samples derived from highly purified CD5+/CD19+ CLL cells. Of these, 19 (27.1%) were MCPyV-positive. Sixteen (22.8%) were positive by M1/M2 PCR, 1 (1.4%) by LT3 PCR and 2 (2.8%) by VP1 PCR. Sequence analyses of the PCR products revealed only minor nonsynonomous nucleotide changes compared with MCC350.1  Analyzing the viral load on the 19 MCPyV-positive CLL cases revealed 3-4 log lower viral copy numbers compared with MCPyV-positive MCC, which is in line with a previous report of 2 MCPyV-positive CLL cases revealing a 2-4 log lower copy numbers compared with MCPyV-positive MCC.17  No significant correlations with MCPyV and clinico-pathologic parameters, including cytogenetic aberrations by interphase fluorescence in situ hybridization, were found. Of the 19 MCPyV-positive CLL cases 16 were male and 3 were female. Taken together we here report a higher detection rate for MCPyV in CLL cases compared with the previous study that is most likely due to the optimal DNA quality derived from the freshly processed and preselected cell material that was used for the current study.

Mutational analysis of the large T gene

We tested the 19 MCPyV-positive CLL cases for previously reported truncating mutations eliminating the helicase domain in the C-terminus of the LTag.7,21  The loss of the helicase activity prevents MCPyV replication and clearly indicates that MCPyV is not a passenger virus in the tumor.17  6 of the 19 MCPyV-positive CLL cases revealed a novel 246 bp deletion within the viral helicase gene (Figure 1A-B). In 2 CLL cases mutated LT was detected concomitant to wild-type MCPyV (Figure 1A). The 246 bp deletion terminates the open reading frame leading to a loss of the helicase domain and thus viral replication deficiency. In 2 of the mutated MCPyV-positive CLL cases formalin fixed and paraffin embedded material of diagnostic bone marrow trephines with nodular CLL infiltrates were available to confirm the presence of MCPyV protein (Figure 1C). The other 13 MCPyV-positive CLL cases revealed minor nucleotide exchanges not disrupting the ORF of LTAg (Figure 1B). Concomitant detection of mutated and wild type MCPyV in CLL DNA might indicate a functional substitution by the MCPyV wild-type helicase. The presence of mutated MCPyV in the 4 other CLL cases indirectly might indicate viral integration in these and might also point to a role of MCPyV in a subset of CLL. We additionally tested 24 MCPyV-positive MCCs of our recent study for this novel 246 bp deletion and detected 1 MCC (4.2%) also carrying the 246 bp deletion without the presence of concomitant MCPyV wild-type. In healthy blood donor derived whole-blood samples we detected significantly less MCPyV-positive cases, that is, 11 of 82 as MCPyV-positive (13.4%; P < .036; χ2 test). It cannot be completely excluded that this significant difference in MCPyV prevalence is partially owed to the fact that the control group is younger. However, none of the healthy donors revealed a truncating deletion within the LTAg.

Figure 1

(A) Representative results of the PCR products (355 bp and 120 bp) using DNA of highly purified CD5+/CD19+ CLL tumor cells (2,4,7) and MCC2  (7,9) with LTmutAS2 PCR. The 355 bp bands represent MCPyV wild-type and the 120 bp bands represent mutated MCPyV containing the 246 bp deletion. M, molecular weight marker (50 bp); NC, water control. The numbers indicate the cases as presented in Table 1. Note that the additional 150 bp band in CLL4 and MCC9 has been sequenced and is of nonviral, human genomic origin. (B) Summary of all the sequence data of the LTmutAS2 PCR of 18 MCPyV positive CLL cases according to Shuda et al.7  Although MCPyV positive in the VP1 PCR case number 19 did not show any amplification using the LTmutAS2 PCR and thus is not part of this figure. Single nucleotide mutations are indicated in diverse colors. (C) Left: As positive control a previously MCPyV tested MCC was used revealing specific nuclear staining (red) in the MCC cells.13,14  (Middle) The nodular neoplastic CLL infiltrates within the 2 available corresponding bone marrow trephines revealed specific nuclear expression of the LTAg by IHC (red) whereas nonmalignant hematopoetic cells are MCPyV negative. One of the 2 is cases is shown. (Right) As negative control for MCPyV LTAg IHC the primary antibody (CM2B4) was omitted and no nuclear or cytoplasmic staining was found.

Figure 1

(A) Representative results of the PCR products (355 bp and 120 bp) using DNA of highly purified CD5+/CD19+ CLL tumor cells (2,4,7) and MCC2  (7,9) with LTmutAS2 PCR. The 355 bp bands represent MCPyV wild-type and the 120 bp bands represent mutated MCPyV containing the 246 bp deletion. M, molecular weight marker (50 bp); NC, water control. The numbers indicate the cases as presented in Table 1. Note that the additional 150 bp band in CLL4 and MCC9 has been sequenced and is of nonviral, human genomic origin. (B) Summary of all the sequence data of the LTmutAS2 PCR of 18 MCPyV positive CLL cases according to Shuda et al.7  Although MCPyV positive in the VP1 PCR case number 19 did not show any amplification using the LTmutAS2 PCR and thus is not part of this figure. Single nucleotide mutations are indicated in diverse colors. (C) Left: As positive control a previously MCPyV tested MCC was used revealing specific nuclear staining (red) in the MCC cells.13,14  (Middle) The nodular neoplastic CLL infiltrates within the 2 available corresponding bone marrow trephines revealed specific nuclear expression of the LTAg by IHC (red) whereas nonmalignant hematopoetic cells are MCPyV negative. One of the 2 is cases is shown. (Right) As negative control for MCPyV LTAg IHC the primary antibody (CM2B4) was omitted and no nuclear or cytoplasmic staining was found.

Close modal
Table 1

MCPyV detection in the DNA of isolated CLL leukemic cells

IDSexAgeβ-glo.LT3M1/M2VP1MCPyVLTAgdelwt+delStage*CD38ZAP70Thym.kin.LCDTCytogeneticsIgVH
CLL 1 77      unmutated 
CLL 2 77   del13q14 mutated 
CLL 3 uk          
CLL 4 70 normal unmutated 
CLL 5 77   del13q14 mutated 
CLL 6 64   del11 unmutated 
CLL 7 81 del13q14 homozyg. unmutated 
CLL 8 66   del13q14  
CLL 9 102    normal  
CLL 10 27   11q  
CLL 11 78      
CLL 12 63   normal  
CLL 13 65   del17p unmutated 
CLL 14 67   tris12 mutated 
CLL 15 61   del13q14  
CLL 16 60    tris12, del13q14 mutated 
CLL 17 59  normal  
CLL 18 71    unmutated 
CLL 19 85       mutated 
CLL 20 76     
CLL 21 62     normal  
CLL 22 53    mutated 
CLL 23 81 +        
CLL 24 67 +     mutated 
CLL 25 68 +         
CLL 26 63     13q, 11q  
CLL 27 67    mutated 
CLL 28 59        
CLL 29 76    del13q14 homozyg.  
CLL 30 67      
CLL 31 70   13q, 17p, transloc. unmutated 
CLL 32 60         
CLL 34 66     
CLL 35 62 +          
CLL 36 56     mutated 
CLL 37 60      
CLL 38 51    normal mutated 
CLL 39 62     
CLL 40 90     
CLL 41 81    del13q14 mutated 
CLL 42 56    unmutated 
CLL 43 68   del13q14 homozyg. mutated 
CLL 44 79      del13q14 unmutated 
CLL 45 79   normal mutated 
CLL 46 68     normal unmutated 
CLL 47 61    del13q14 mutated 
CLL 48 77     del13q14 homozyg. unmutated 
CLL 49 57    del13q14 mutated 
CLL 50 55     normal  
CLL 51 71     normal  
CLL 53 68     normal unmutated 
CLL 54 78    del13q14  
CLL 55 45   normal  
CLL 56 65       
CLL 57 76     del13q14 homozyg.  
CLL 58 68     del13q14  
CLL 59 61       
CLL 61 46   del13q14 homozyg. mutated 
CLL 62 68   tri12, del11q  
CLL 63 72       
CLL 64 61     
CLL 66 51         
CLL 67 75     
CLL 68 54   del13q14 mutated 
CLL 69 66         
CLL 70 48       
CLL 71 45      normal  
CLL 73 48   13q, 6q, transloc. unmutated 
CLL 74 57   normal mutated 
CLL 75 83     
IDSexAgeβ-glo.LT3M1/M2VP1MCPyVLTAgdelwt+delStage*CD38ZAP70Thym.kin.LCDTCytogeneticsIgVH
CLL 1 77      unmutated 
CLL 2 77   del13q14 mutated 
CLL 3 uk          
CLL 4 70 normal unmutated 
CLL 5 77   del13q14 mutated 
CLL 6 64   del11 unmutated 
CLL 7 81 del13q14 homozyg. unmutated 
CLL 8 66   del13q14  
CLL 9 102    normal  
CLL 10 27   11q  
CLL 11 78      
CLL 12 63   normal  
CLL 13 65   del17p unmutated 
CLL 14 67   tris12 mutated 
CLL 15 61   del13q14  
CLL 16 60    tris12, del13q14 mutated 
CLL 17 59  normal  
CLL 18 71    unmutated 
CLL 19 85       mutated 
CLL 20 76     
CLL 21 62     normal  
CLL 22 53    mutated 
CLL 23 81 +        
CLL 24 67 +     mutated 
CLL 25 68 +         
CLL 26 63     13q, 11q  
CLL 27 67    mutated 
CLL 28 59        
CLL 29 76    del13q14 homozyg.  
CLL 30 67      
CLL 31 70   13q, 17p, transloc. unmutated 
CLL 32 60         
CLL 34 66     
CLL 35 62 +          
CLL 36 56     mutated 
CLL 37 60      
CLL 38 51    normal mutated 
CLL 39 62     
CLL 40 90     
CLL 41 81    del13q14 mutated 
CLL 42 56    unmutated 
CLL 43 68   del13q14 homozyg. mutated 
CLL 44 79      del13q14 unmutated 
CLL 45 79   normal mutated 
CLL 46 68     normal unmutated 
CLL 47 61    del13q14 mutated 
CLL 48 77     del13q14 homozyg. unmutated 
CLL 49 57    del13q14 mutated 
CLL 50 55     normal  
CLL 51 71     normal  
CLL 53 68     normal unmutated 
CLL 54 78    del13q14  
CLL 55 45   normal  
CLL 56 65       
CLL 57 76     del13q14 homozyg.  
CLL 58 68     del13q14  
CLL 59 61       
CLL 61 46   del13q14 homozyg. mutated 
CLL 62 68   tri12, del11q  
CLL 63 72       
CLL 64 61     
CLL 66 51         
CLL 67 75     
CLL 68 54   del13q14 mutated 
CLL 69 66         
CLL 70 48       
CLL 71 45      normal  
CLL 73 48   13q, 6q, transloc. unmutated 
CLL 74 57   normal mutated 
CLL 75 83     

ID indicates patient identification; M, male; F, female; β-glo., β-globin PCR; LT3, M1/M2, VP1, names of the primers used for MCPyV detection according to Feng et al1 ; MCPyV, Merkel cell polyomavirus; LTAg del, MCPyV harboring the 246bp deletion; stage*, according to Binet; thym.kin., thymidine kinase; LCDT, lymphocyte doubling time; IgVH, IgVH hypermutational status; and uk, unknown.

Although the detection of the novel LTAg deletion in MCC (4.2%) and in CLL (8.6%) is relatively rare it might explain the epidemiologic association of MCC and CLL and vice versa.

In conclusion, we demonstrate a relatively high incidence of MCPyV in highly purified CLL cells in 27.1% of patients and the presence of a novel truncating LTAg deletion in 8.6% of CLL and in 4.2% of MCC cases. Our findings indicate MCPyV as an oncogenic virus in B-lymphocytes possibly representing the molecular correlate of the long-term recognized epidemiologic association of CLL and MCC and vice versa. Recent studies revealed sporadic expression of SV40 LTAg in mature B cells as an inducer of a murine CLL-like disease. Future studies will address the transforming properties of the novel 246 bp deletion of MCPyV-LTAg.

Presented in abstract form at the annual meeting of the German Society of Hematology and Oncology (DGHO), Mannheim, Germany, October 5, 2009.

The publication costs of this article were defrayed in part by page charge payment. Therefore, and solely to indicate this fact, this article is hereby marked “advertisement” in accordance with 18 USC section 1734.

We are grateful for the excellent technical assistance of Ann-Kathrin Fritz, Reinhild Brinker, and Julia Claasen. We are thankful for database support by Uta Drebber. We highly appreciate that Patrick Moore and Yuan Chang, University Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, made the LTAg specific antibody (CM2B4) available to us.

C.M.W. was supported by grants from the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG; Excellence Cluster 229: Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases), German Cancer Aid (Program for the Development of Interdisciplinary Oncology Centers of Excellence in Germany), Bonn, Germany, and the CLL Global Research Foundation, Houston, TX.

Contribution: N.D.P. performed research, analyzed and interpreted data, made the figures, and wrote the paper; C.P.P. performed and designed research, analyzed and interpreted data, and wrote the paper. A.K.K., A.K., L.F., and S.S. performed research and analyzed and interpreted data; H.M.K. performed research, analyzed data, and edited the paper; C.M.W. was the Principal Investigator at Cologne and designed research, analyzed and interpreted data, and wrote the paper; and A.z.H. was the Principal Investigator at Freiburg and designed research, analyzed and interpreted data, and wrote the paper.

Conflict of interest disclosure: The authors declare no competing financial interests.

The current affiliation for A.z.H. is Department of Pathology, University Hospital Maastricht, Maastricht, The Netherlands.

Correspondence: Axel zur Hausen, MD, PhD, Department of Pathology, Maastricht University Medical Center, PO Box 5800, 6202 AZ Maastricht, The Netherlands; e-mail: [email protected].

1
Feng
 
H
Shuda
 
M
Chang
 
Y
Moore
 
PS
Clonal integration of a polyomavirus in human Merkel cell carcinoma.
Science
2008
, vol. 
319
 
5866
(pg. 
1096
-
1100
)
2
Kassem
 
A
Schöpflin
 
A
Diaz
 
C
et al. 
Frequent detection of Merkel cell polyomavirus in human Merkel cell carcinomas and identification of a unique deletion in the VP1 gene.
Cancer Res
2008
, vol. 
68
 
13
(pg. 
5009
-
5013
)
3
Becker
 
JC
Houben
 
R
Ugurel
 
S
Trefzer
 
U
Pfohler
 
C
Schrama
 
D
MC polyomavirus is frequently present in Merkel cell carcinoma of European patients.
J Invest Dermatol
2009
, vol. 
129
 
1
(pg. 
248
-
250
)
4
Garneski
 
KM
Warcola
 
AH
Feng
 
Q
Kiviat
 
NB
Leonard
 
JH
Nghiem
 
P
Merkel cell polyomavirus is more frequently present in North American than Australian Merkel cell carcinoma tumors.
J Invest Dermatol
2009
, vol. 
129
 
1
(pg. 
246
-
248
)
5
Foulongne
 
V
Dereure
 
O
Kluger
 
N
Moles
 
JP
Guillot
 
B
Segondy
 
M
Merkel cell polyomavirus DNA detection in lesional and nonlesional skin from patients with Merkel cell carcinoma or other skin diseases.
Br J Dermatol
2010
, vol. 
162
 
1
(pg. 
59
-
63
)
6
Buck
 
CB
Lowy
 
DR
Getting stronger: the relationship between a newly identified virus and Merkel cell carcinoma.
J Invest Dermatol
2009
, vol. 
129
 
1
(pg. 
9
-
11
)
7
Shuda
 
M
Feng
 
H
Kwun
 
HJ
et al. 
T antigen mutations are a human tumor-specific signature for Merkel cell polyomavirus.
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A
2008
, vol. 
105
 
42
(pg. 
16272
-
16277
)
8
Kanitakis
 
J
Euvrard
 
S
Chouvet
 
B
Butnaru
 
AC
Claudy
 
A
Merkel cell carcinoma in organ-transplant recipients: report of two cases with unusual histological features and literature review.
J Cutan Pathol
2006
, vol. 
33
 
10
(pg. 
686
-
694
)
9
Swann
 
MH
Yoon
 
J
Merkel cell carcinoma.
Semin Oncol
2007
, vol. 
34
 
1
(pg. 
51
-
56
)
10
Vlad
 
R
Woodlock
 
TJ
Merkel cell carcinoma after chronic lymphocytic leukemia: case report and literature review.
Am J Clin Oncol
2003
, vol. 
26
 
6
(pg. 
531
-
534
)
11
Agnew
 
KL
Ruchlemer
 
R
Catovsky
 
D
Matutes
 
E
Bunker
 
CB
Cutaneous findings in chronic lymphocytic leukaemia.
Br J Dermatol
2004
, vol. 
150
 
6
(pg. 
1129
-
1135
)
12
Howard
 
RA
Dores
 
GM
Curtis
 
RE
Anderson
 
WF
Travis
 
LB
Merkel cell carcinoma and multiple primary cancers.
Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev
2006
, vol. 
15
 
8
(pg. 
1545
-
1549
)
13
Caligaris-Cappio
 
F
Hamblin
 
TJ
B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia: a bird of a different feather.
J Clin Oncol
1999
, vol. 
17
 
1
(pg. 
399
-
408
)
14
Koljonen
 
V
Kukko
 
H
Pukkala
 
E
et al. 
Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia patients have a high risk of Merkel-cell polyomavirus DNA-positive Merkel-cell carcinoma.
Br J Cancer
2009
, vol. 
101
 
8
(pg. 
1444
-
1447
)
15
ter Brugge
 
PJ
Ta
 
VB
de Bruijn
 
MJ
et al. 
A mouse model for chronic lymphocytic leukemia based on expression of the SV40 large T antigen.
Blood
2009
, vol. 
114
 
1
(pg. 
119
-
127
)
16
zur Hausen
 
H
Gissmann
 
L
Lymphotropic papovaviruses isolated from African green monkey and human cells.
Med Microbiol Immunol
1979
, vol. 
167
 
3
(pg. 
137
-
153
)
17
Shuda
 
M
Arora
 
R
Kwun
 
HJ
et al. 
Human Merkel cell polyomavirus infection I. MCV T antigen expression in Merkel cell carcinoma, lymphoid tissues and lymphoid tumors.
Int J Cancer
2009
, vol. 
125
 
6
(pg. 
1243
-
1249
)
18
Kassem
 
A
Technau
 
K
Kurz
 
AK
et al. 
Merkel cell polyomavirus sequences are frequently detected in nonmelanoma skin cancer of immunosuppressed patients.
Int J Cancer
2009
, vol. 
125
 
2
(pg. 
356
-
361
)
19
Busam
 
KJ
Jungbluth
 
AA
Rekthman
 
N
et al. 
Merkel cell polyomavirus expression in merkel cell carcinomas and its absence in combined tumors and pulmonary neuroendocrine carcinomas.
Am J Surg Pathol
2009
, vol. 
33
 
9
(pg. 
1378
-
1385
)
20
Pallasch
 
CP
Schwamb
 
J
Königs
 
S
Schulz
 
A
Debey
 
S
Kofler
 
D
Schultze
 
JL
Hallek
 
M
Ultsch
 
A
Wendtner
 
CM
Targeting lipid metabolism by the lipoprotein lipase inhibitor orlistat results in apoptosis of B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells.
Leukemia
2008
, vol. 
22
 
3
(pg. 
585
-
592
)
21
Sastre-Garau
 
X
Peter
 
M
Avril
 
MF
et al. 
Merkel cell carcinoma of the skin: pathological and molecular evidence for a causative role of MCV in oncogenesis.
J Pathol
2009
, vol. 
218
 
1
(pg. 
48
-
56
)

Author notes

*

N.D.P. and C.P.P. contributed equally to this study.

Sign in via your Institution