To the editor:
Primary myelofibrosis is a myeloproliferative disease, and results of conventional treatment remain unsatisfactory.1,2 Allogeneic stem cell transplantation after dose-reduced conditioning has become a reasonable, curative treatment option.3,4 Single case reports about successful donor lymphocyte infusion (DLI) for relapsed patients provided evidence of a graft-versus-myelofibrosis effect.5-7 Here, we report on 17 patients with either myelofibrosis (n = 16) or secondary AML post myelofibrosis (n = 1) and a median age of 52 years (range, 32-63 years) who received DLI from related (n = 5) or unrelated (n = 12) donor, either for clinical relapse (salvage DLI; n = 9) or residual disease monitored by JAK2 mutation level in peripheral blood (preemptive DLI; n = 8). Details are summarized in Table 1. One patient (no. 9) received DLI twice: once for molecular residual disease and once for reappearance of molecular disease. Sixteen patients were JAK2-V617F–positive. The median time from transplantation to first DLI was 269 days (range, 127-1570 days). The median percentage of JAK2V617 mutation level in peripheral blood before first DLI was 6.2% (range, 0.2%-72.8%) and significantly higher in patients with clinical relapse than with molecular relapse (24.7% vs 0.37%; P = .03). The median cell dose of the first DLI was 106 CD3+ cells per kilogram of body weight (BW; range, 0.5-9 × 106 cells/kg BW). Two patients received as first DLI CD4-selected T cells (5 × 106 CD4+ cells/kg BW). Second and subsequent half-log–increased DLI were given if no graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) and no significant response were observed. The median interval between the first and the second DLI was 103 days (range, 43-661 days). The response to DLI for relapsed patients was determined by the response criteria of the International Working Group,8 and for residual disease by quantitative real time JAK2-V617F polymerase chain reaction (PCR) performed from genomic DNA from peripheral blood as recently described.9 The sensitivity of this quantitative PCR is 0.01%. For one patient without JAKV617F mutation molecular remission was determined by 100% donor chimerism with quantitative PCR using genetic polymorphisms.
Patient no. . | Sex . | Age, y . | Donor . | Reason for DLI . | No. of DLIs . | GVHD . | Other complications . | Best response . | Further treatment . | Actual status . | DLI dose, per kg BW . |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | m | 51 | MUD | Relapse | 2 | none | none | mCR | none | mCRat 18 mo+ | 1-6 × 106 CD3+ |
2 | m | 32 | MUD | Relapse | 3 | none | none | mCR | none | mCR 3 mo | 5 × 105-1 × 107 CD3+ |
3 | f | 51 | MUD | Relapse | 4 | acute (grade III), chronic (extensive) | aplasia | CR* | none | CR 29 mo+ | 1 × 106-1.3 × 108 CD3+ |
4 | m | 55 | MUD | MRD | 1 | none | none | mCR | none | mCR 31 mo+ | 1 × 106 CD3+ |
5 | m | 49 | MUD | Relapse | 4 | none | none | SD | 2nd SCT | mCR 34 mo+ | 1 × 106-4 × 107 CD3+ |
6 | m | 59 | MUD | Relapse | 2 | none | none | SD | 2nd SCT | died (relapse) 18 mo after 2nd SCT | 1 × 106 CD3+ |
7 | f | 34 | MUD | MRD | 1 | none | none | mCR | none | mCR 6 mo+ | 1 × 106 CD4+ |
8 | f | 63 | MUD | Relapse | 1 | none | none | SD | 2nd SCT | CR† 19 mo after 2nd SCT | 1 × 106 CD3+ |
9a (9b) | m | 54 | REL | MRD | 1 (3) | chronic (limited) | none | mCR | none | mCR‡ 8 mo+ | 1 × 106 CD3+;1 × 106-5 × 106 CD3+ |
10 | m | 54 | MUD | Relapse | 3 | none | none | PD | 2nd SCT | mCR 4 mo+ after 2nd SCT | 1 × 106-9 × 106 CD3+ |
11 | f | 44 | REL | MRD | 1 | none | none | mCR | none | mCR 10 mo+ | 5 × 106 CD3+ |
12 | m | 47 | MUD | MRD | 1 | none | none | mCR | none | mCR 5 mo+ | 5 × 105 CD3+ |
13 | f | 48 | REL | Relapse | 3 | none | none | Ci | 2nd SCT | mCR 3 mo+ | 1 × 106-1 × 108 CD3+ |
14 | f | 53 | MUD | MRD | 2 | none | none | mCR | none | mCR 18 mo+ | 1 × 106 CD3+ |
15 | f | 60 | REL | Relapse | 1 | acute (III) | aplasia | mCR | none | mCR 6 mo+ | 5 × 106 CD4+ |
16 | m | 50 | REL | MRD | 1 | none | none | mCR | none | mCR 2 mo+ | 3 × 106 CD3+ |
17 | m | 63 | MUD | MRD | 1 | acute (grade I), chronic | none | mCR | none | mCR 7 mo+ | 5 × 105 CD3+ |
Patient no. . | Sex . | Age, y . | Donor . | Reason for DLI . | No. of DLIs . | GVHD . | Other complications . | Best response . | Further treatment . | Actual status . | DLI dose, per kg BW . |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | m | 51 | MUD | Relapse | 2 | none | none | mCR | none | mCRat 18 mo+ | 1-6 × 106 CD3+ |
2 | m | 32 | MUD | Relapse | 3 | none | none | mCR | none | mCR 3 mo | 5 × 105-1 × 107 CD3+ |
3 | f | 51 | MUD | Relapse | 4 | acute (grade III), chronic (extensive) | aplasia | CR* | none | CR 29 mo+ | 1 × 106-1.3 × 108 CD3+ |
4 | m | 55 | MUD | MRD | 1 | none | none | mCR | none | mCR 31 mo+ | 1 × 106 CD3+ |
5 | m | 49 | MUD | Relapse | 4 | none | none | SD | 2nd SCT | mCR 34 mo+ | 1 × 106-4 × 107 CD3+ |
6 | m | 59 | MUD | Relapse | 2 | none | none | SD | 2nd SCT | died (relapse) 18 mo after 2nd SCT | 1 × 106 CD3+ |
7 | f | 34 | MUD | MRD | 1 | none | none | mCR | none | mCR 6 mo+ | 1 × 106 CD4+ |
8 | f | 63 | MUD | Relapse | 1 | none | none | SD | 2nd SCT | CR† 19 mo after 2nd SCT | 1 × 106 CD3+ |
9a (9b) | m | 54 | REL | MRD | 1 (3) | chronic (limited) | none | mCR | none | mCR‡ 8 mo+ | 1 × 106 CD3+;1 × 106-5 × 106 CD3+ |
10 | m | 54 | MUD | Relapse | 3 | none | none | PD | 2nd SCT | mCR 4 mo+ after 2nd SCT | 1 × 106-9 × 106 CD3+ |
11 | f | 44 | REL | MRD | 1 | none | none | mCR | none | mCR 10 mo+ | 5 × 106 CD3+ |
12 | m | 47 | MUD | MRD | 1 | none | none | mCR | none | mCR 5 mo+ | 5 × 105 CD3+ |
13 | f | 48 | REL | Relapse | 3 | none | none | Ci | 2nd SCT | mCR 3 mo+ | 1 × 106-1 × 108 CD3+ |
14 | f | 53 | MUD | MRD | 2 | none | none | mCR | none | mCR 18 mo+ | 1 × 106 CD3+ |
15 | f | 60 | REL | Relapse | 1 | acute (III) | aplasia | mCR | none | mCR 6 mo+ | 5 × 106 CD4+ |
16 | m | 50 | REL | MRD | 1 | none | none | mCR | none | mCR 2 mo+ | 3 × 106 CD3+ |
17 | m | 63 | MUD | MRD | 1 | acute (grade I), chronic | none | mCR | none | mCR 7 mo+ | 5 × 105 CD3+ |
CR indicates complete remission; mCR, molecular complete remission; Ci, clinical improvement; SD, stable disease; PD, progressive disease; REL, relative donor; MUD, matched unrelated donor; DLI, donor-lymphocyte infusion; GVHD, graft-versus-host disease; SCT, stem cell transplantation; and MRD, molecular residual disease.
No molecular marker; complete remission according to IWG consensus creiteria and 100% donor chimerism with quantitative PCR.
Clinical CR on molecular basis, residual disease.
After first DLI.
No treatment-related mortality after DLI was observed. Acute GVHD grade II through IV was seen in 3 patients (18%), which occurred only in the salvage DLI cohort. In this cohort, complete remission was seen in 4 patients (44%), which was complete on molecular level in 3 of them. In 2 of them complete remission was associated with acute GVHD (grade III). All other patients with clinical relapse (n = 5) developed no GVHD, but best response was only clinical improvement or stable disease. In contrast to salvage DLI, all patients who received preemptive DLI responded with complete molecular remission (100%), and none of these patients developed any signs of grade II through IV acute GVHD. Only in one patient was mild chronic GVHD of the liver noted. The median time to achieve complete remission was 79 days (range, 31-495 days). The overall rate of complete molecular remission rate was 68%, which was higher in the preemptive group than in the salvage group (100% vs 44%; P = .04).
This report provided evidence for a strong donor T cell–mediated graft-versus-myelofibrosis effect. Adoptive immunotherapy for molecular residual disease monitored with highly sensitive PCR for JAK2-V617F mutation seems to be more effective and less toxic than using donor lymphocyte infusion for clinical relapse and should be implemented in further clinical trials.
Authorship
Contribution: N.K. conceived the idea and study proposal and wrote the manuscript; H.A. and A.B. performed quantitative JAK2V617 PCR; E.K. and F.A. provided study material and analyzed data; N.K., U.B., B.F., and A.Z. analyzed and interpreted JAK2V617 PCR results; O.B. and M.K. performed bone marrow histology examination; Y.H. provided JAK2 analysis; and all authors reviewed and approved the manuscript.
Conflict-of-interest disclosure: The authors declare no competing financial interests.
Correspondence: Prof Dr Nicolaus Kröger, Department for Stem Cell Transplantation, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, D-20246 Hamburg, Germany; e-mail: [email protected].
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